What Does This Make Possible?
In Panarchy, groups identify opportunities and obstacles for spreading ideas at multiple levels of their operating environment. This helps us see how systems interconnect and how changes ripple between levels. The change dynamics for Panarchy are fast at the bottom (local) and slow at the top (macro). By recognizing these dynamics, groups can create opportunity windows for innovations to spread across boundaries. This structure enacts LS Principle #2, Practice Deep Respect for People and Local Solutions.
Structural Elements — Min Specs
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Structuring Invitation
"Let's zoom in and out, exploring the levels of our world like Russian nesting dolls and looking for shifts in one layer that can create opportunities in another. Our first step is to visualize how systems are layered and embedded."
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Space and Materials
An open wall with a large Panarchy chart (one Figure 5.38. example). Groups of four chairs around small tables [breakouts of three]. Sticky notes and copies of the Panarchy chart for each participant [digital versions].
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Participation Distribution
Roles include host [tech host] and participants. No minimum group size; works best with eight or more people at multiple levels of an organization. Everyone involved in spreading an innovation or making a transition is included and has an equal opportunity to contribute.
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Group Configuration
1-2-4-All [1-3-All]
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Steps and Time Allocation
- Intro: Share the structuring invitation and identify a shared challenge. Show an example such as Figure 5.38. Emphasize the creative and conserving dynamics. Small and fast creative experiments at lower levels may move up to larger and slower levels that conserve successful innovations. Likewise, accumulated knowledge at higher levels may move down to stabilize lower levels. Show Figure 5.37 to highlight this fast-slow dynamic. Hand out Panarchy charts [everyone draws their own]. (5 min.)
- Identify Factors: Participants list factors that influence their work on the shared challenge and order them from smallest to largest. (5 min.)
- Translate Factors to Levels: Participants form pairs [breakouts of three] to translate the factors into levels, using one Panarchy chart per small group. (10 min.)
- Compare Levels (F2F only): Pairs join to form quartets. They compare their charts, consolidate them into a single chart, and write the name of each Panarchy level on a sticky note. (10 min.)
- Integrate Levels: Everyone returns to plenary. Invite three to four people from different groups to create a shared Panarchy chart by placing their group's sticky notes on the chart. Everyone else observes but does not interrupt [comments in Chatterfall or on sticky notes]. (10 min.)
- Generate Insights: Participants form quartets [remain in plenary] to reflect on the shared chart using sticky notes [Chatterfall]. Ask "Which levels have received attention and resources? Which ones have been neglected? What do we know about the status and dynamics in play at the different levels?" (15 min.)
- Share Insights: Everyone returns to plenary to add their sticky notes to the chart. [Transfer from the chat to stickies.] (10 min.)
- Break: Invite everyone to check devices [step away from devices] and adjust fluids. (10 min.)
- Identify Opportunities and Obstacles: Participants form new quartets [breakouts of four] to brainstorm opportunities for spreading positive change and write them on sticky notes. Ask "Looking up and down the levels, what opportunities and obstacles do you see for movement and changes between or across levels? What windows for new ideas are opening above? What resources are flowing downward from creative destruction bubbling above? What small-scale developments from below are disrupting the level above?" (15 min.)
- Share Opportunities and Obstacles: Everyone returns to plenary. Invite three to four people from different groups to add their sticky notes to the shared chart. A few people share reflections and insights. (10 min.)
- Prioritize Opportunities and Obstacles: The group votes on the three most important opportunities and obstacles [the digital polling]. (10 min.)
- Identify Action Steps: Participants use 1-2-4-All [1-3-All] to discuss action steps they can take immediately to act on the top opportunities or obstacles. They identify anyone they know who influences individuals by asking, "What is contributing to your challenge at levels above and below you? What are the different speeds for making changes at each level?" (10 min.)
Tips & Pitfalls
- Use a concrete shared challenge — abstract problems produce vague Panarchy charts.
- Give participants time to get comfortable with the chart before you begin. A poorly understood diagram leads to shallow conversations.
- Notice which levels everyone skips — those are often the most consequential.
- Ask explicitly: what moves fast, what moves slow? That distinction opens the real conversation.
- Consult Frances Westley's work on scaling system change for deeper insight.
Riffs & Variations
- Combine Panarchy with Ecocycle Planning: use the Ecocycle to explore the status at each Panarchy level separately.
- Use W3 (What, So What, Now What?) after the plenary synthesis to anchor actions.
- Have participants redraw their personal role in the system after the analysis — makes individual ownership visible.
Practical Applications
- Help educators identify opportunities at different levels of their operating environment.
- Plan the spread of innovations from local to national scale.
- Help individuals reimagine their role in their operating environment.
- Analyze change in healthcare: from ward to hospital to sector to policy.
- Support communities in transition to understand which levers operate at which level.
Online & Hybrid Facilitation
Participants move between the main room and breakouts multiple times. Keep groups consistent and use a visual collaboration space to summarize steps. Broadcast messages or voice reminders to keep groups on track.
Combine with Other Structures
Sources & License
Developed by Henri Lipmanowicz and Keith McCandless. Dig deeper by exploring socio-ecological systems and the adaptive cycle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio-ecological_system#Adaptive_cycle
Based on the work of Keith McCandless and Nancy White, The Liberating Structures Fieldbook (2026), CC BY-SA 4.0.